A business plan is not just a pice of paper with words on it, it is far more valuable as a process of reflection on historical performance and in forward thinking of what tomorrow should look like. A good plan requires honesty of where the business is today and where it is going tomorrow. Business planning starts with a thorough audit of the company from top to toe. Coupled with that there must be an ability to assess the external market factors and market drivers to identify the clear options available for the business to take. Finally any business plan also needs to create a clear sense of purpose, direction and implementation plan to make the changes necessary to achieve the desired goals.
A business plan needs to be tailored to its target audience. If you have different audiences you will need to be able to flex your plan to that audiences specific expectations. That means shaping it, edit it, and amending it to achieve your objectives. It also means that business planning has to actively engage with stakeholders on all levels if it is to be effective as a communication tool.
What stops business leaderships teams succeeding in undertaking business planning successfully? It is often due to leadership teams’ making mistakes in their business planning processes and assumptions. These business planning mistakes (often repeated) create weaknesses in business plans which mean they fail to deliver the anticipated results which leadership teams expect to achieve.
If you would like to know how to avoid these top twelve business plan pitfalls, and credibility cliff edges, then click on the subject titles which are links at any time to see my step-by-step videos on how to avoid these pitfalls.
Here’s the top twelve business planning mistakes I most often come across:-
Every business plan needs to describe the opportunity in detail. It must also detail how that opportunity can, and will be exploited profitably, effectively and successfully. A good business plan can visualise the opportunity and articulate the company’s ability to reach a viable opportunity, this is a credibility cliff. Many emerging markets do not yet exist. So being able to identify why an opportunity will exist is a vital first objective which a business plan must be able to identify, clarity and define to its audiences.
Tomorrow is a difficult place to plan for, but being able to identify and make that opportunity viable is the most critical test any business plan has. It is also the most common reason they fail. What will that opportunity look like, size, value and needs? Your executive summary and the wider plan must describe the viability of the opportunity in terms such as:-
- What is the problem which people will pay to have solved?
- Does your solution solve this issue for a specific target market?
- Why would someone buy your solution over someone else’s?
- Why are the benefits of your offering so compelling?
- Can you reach that target market with a compelling message quickly and directly?
Where any assessment of a business starts and often finishes is at the numbers. Specifically on the projected Income Statement or Profit & Loss. Projections are just that, but they are vital and must be based upon clearly stated assumptions. Many business plans are written with numbers which just do not stand up even to a first glance.
Your numbers have to make sense and be realistic, if you are a new start-up then they must grow rationally from nothing, but costs will be incurred before turnover is generated, these need to be realised and recognised in your financials.
The financials must also make sense and be presented in a format which presents a clear case for the investment and the return you will deliver. Ultimately, they need to be credible, defensible and consistent.
So what is the market size, how much of the market will you be able to acquire and at what cost? If your numbers do not add up then the rest of the plan will not stack up.
Somewhere between a pitfall and a cliff edge, is the failure of the Executive Summary, to be either a summary or aimed at executives. The only part of any plan that will certainly be read is the Executive Summary and yet they rarely provide an effective summary of the business plan. A good plan highlights the key proposition of the plan and sells the proposal.
Too many Executive Summaries either throw everything down in a jumbled mess, making them pages long and randomly pulling facts together, or they are so bland they say nothing to the core audience!
What’s a good Executive Summary, one that states the proposition clearly and succinctly, a page is sufficient for any plan.
The Executive Summary should clearly explain the whole picture including what investment is required and what it will deliver. The point of an Executive
Summary is to inform the executives, so many it punchy, outcome focused and only ever write it at the end. A great executive summary makes everyone wanting to know more about the business.
Another associated key element of the plan which relates to this element is the estimations of projected turnover.
While every business plan talks in positive terms (hopefully), the obvious and persistent danger is that the innate optimism of all entrepreneurs and their tendency to exaggerate every business opportunity. From over-estimating turnover and profits, to not recognising the structure of a market and the associated costs of winning and managing larger and more complex customers with sectors are the most common mistakes people make.
Classic costing errors such as operating cost escalation in scaling up a business, to how to long it takes to set-up a profitable an online business through to the impact on margin of operating with their 1 market players all lead people to over estimate their turnover projectsions.
This pitfall is most easily managed using a realistic method for estimating income is to calculate the number of customers the business intends to capture and the average revenues. These two averaged inputs are easier to calculate and also to justify within a business plan.
I could have put this pitfall at number one very easily. What is the main purpose of the plan?
If the plan’s objective is to seek funding then it is vitally important to clearly describe the investment opportunity. Simply put will it make money and be able to payback the investors. How will the business payback its investors, from profits or from buy-out as new investors come in?
While the plan describes the concept in detail, it must also address the primary purpose of the plan. So many plans fail to make it explicitly clear what the company’s needs to be successful or what the investment will mean to the company.
A good business plan answers:
- Why investors should investing in this business rather than anywhere else?
- When will they recoup their initial investment and how and when it can be realised?
- What is their expected return on investment?
- How the company has managed all aspects of risk?
- Is the investment merely cash or do they need to bring other assets such as expertise to the table?
If you can answer these key questions, the intended audience will feel comfortable and be able to recognise that they fit within this business.
Particularly relevant to a new business, this is often an invisible cliff edge which business plans fall over on, is the ability of the business to articulate the differences between cash and profit. Running out of cash is the highest risk any new business or re-engineered business faces. The old adage that turnover is vanity, profit is sanity, but cash is king is soo true. Not having an experienced FD on board or no modelling of the cashflow of the business, with tested scenario planning in place are classic pitfalls in a business plan.
Good, positive, and conservative cash flow management is vital when businesses pursue investment opportunities where there are significant cash flows out, in advance of the cash flows coming in. This is the classic business plan cliff, which sends potential investors running.
If a business plan’s financial model is based upon selling on credit, then they receive the cash in the future, but need cask to pay expenses before that income hits their account, then they have a cashflow risk. This outflow of cash is the single biggest reason companies fail, it’s not margin, it’s rarely the product, it is invariably that they run out of cash.
Throwing a few CV’s into a business plan does not create a delivery team. Likewise a generic organisational chart with missing pieces and TBC (To Be Confirmed) is not going to inspire confidence with investors to part with their cash.
Entrepreneurs can often sell an idea but they do not always inspire they can select a balanced team of people with the right skill mix, from the financial management to key leadership roles and the right operational team to deliver your ambitious plan.
Having a structured management team with operational structures is essential for success. Track records matter, as much as having clear roles and responsibilities laid out in delivering the operational plan which underpins the business plan.
A significant area of concern when planning is justifying the sales forecast or demand levels for a product or service. This breaks down into the two main elements used in forecasting: the use of historical facts and the dependency of subjective assessment.
Sales forecasting, is the vital tool to identify the basis of all projected revenue figures that can be considered credible in the wider context of the plan. Unless there is verifiable demand for the idea, the risks grow out of all proportion, particularly if the initial start-up or investment costs are high.
Minimising risk in a business plan is all about gaining an understanding the potential demand and how the company will with this plan create or drive that demand rather than concentrate on ‘the product or the idea’. This classic cliff edge is a silent killer for investors, they don’t believe in it.
An effective business plan needs to be consistent throughout as all the various strands are brought together into one single entity, the plan. It is pitfall which entrepreneurs gloss over, but investors relentlessly prod before committing to any plan.
If there are multiple authors of the plan the risks of inconsistencies will exponentially increase. Extrapolating data can also cause problems, using research data and then jumping from possible market size to sales potential and then sales forecast are classic pitfalls which need to be thought through.
Presenters of the plan must have a simple narrative that runs through their plan, using key facts and staying ‘on script’ so as to ensure that a cohesive story is communicated. The numbers must also be consistent with the broader content so that there are no contradictions between them.
There is always competition. Yet the number of times the phrase“there are no competitors” appears in plans is considerable.
It does not matter how unique the proposition is there will also be some other business competing for people’s money. While there may not be a direct competitor it will certainly be a transfer investment that customers will be making. The business plan must recognise where the customers invest is coming from. If competitors are not identified in a business plan then the only credible assessment is that the company has not been diligent enough in its research.
Also remember that no company lives in a vacuum, as soon as you launch (or before) the marketplace will change. What will the competitive landscape look like in a few days, weeks, months or years? Can you create or establish significant barriers to entry, or is it likely that a successful market entry will be followed by better-placed competitors with greater resources, etc
“You never get a second chance to make a great first impression.”
Your plan needs to be right the first time and the content needs to be accurate, clear, concise and correct.
More often than not business plans need to be completed by a certain date and hence the final stages can be rushed, a classic pitfall.
Consequently, in many instances the final output does not do justice to the plan. Attention to detail at the end is vital, so ensure you have a completed plan with references and formatted correctly. Also ensure the content of the plan has been edited down to a digestible size, use appendices for details.
Get someone removed from the process to proof the plan. If a presentation is part of the process, it should reflect the Executive Summary.
In Summary The top 12 Business Planning Mistakes
Business plans by definition have a purpose of communicating a course of action so make sure they do that primary role. Support inevitably means resources with the primary aim of the plan often being to secure financial investment. Explain the invest what it will be used for and how it will be protected from these classic pitfalls and cliff edges.
Writing a successful business plan is all about preparation, about being as thorough in your research and planning as is possible. By avoiding the cliff edges and pitfalls above, the chances of the plan objectives being met increase substantially.
